The Iraq War, WWI, and the Activation of the Collective Unconscious

March 23, 2023

For our first class on Jung’s Red Book last Friday, we read through and discussed editor Sonu Shamdasani’s introduction, in which he explores the historical and personal context of the work, as well as some of Jung’s relevant ideas. A particular passage has stuck with me this week as we mourn the 20-year anniversary of the start of America’s wholly unjustified war in Iraq—a time during which I experienced my most significant psychological crisis.

Jung “differentiated between two situations in which the collective unconscious became active. In the first, it became activated through a crisis in an individual’s life and the collapse of hopes and expectations. In the second, it became activated at times of great social, political, and religious upheaval. At such moments, the factors suppressed by the prevailing attitudes accumulate in the collective unconscious. Strongly intuitive individuals become aware of these and try to translate them into communicable ideas. If they succeeded in translating the unconscious into a communicable language, this had a redeeming effect.” (pg. 58)

I was a junior in college when my country began the “shock and awe” bombing campaign in Baghdad. I vividly recall watching television in anguish as little bursts of fire lit up an otherwise dark city scene; all signs of actual life had been hidden from American viewers until a bird flew across the sky and my heart skipped a beat. The protests I was organizing on campus and joining regularly in downtown Portland seemed to have no effect. I felt entirely helpless and hopeless and filled with almost unbearable grief. My country, my country, was killing people and destroying the environment for the capitalist desires of a small group of men and there was nothing I could do to stop it.

I now understand that my psyche in those years felt porous in the way that Jung reflects in his Red Book journey before and after the start of WWI. Amidst my almost constant inner despair, there were also prophetic dreams and a sense that whatever was happening for me psychologically and personally was not at all just personal. Somehow, the collective unconscious and my personal unconscious were weaving together, forcing me to carefully differentiate what was mine and not mine, as well as what was time-based and what was from another time entirely.

I was only 19 when the war began, and 18 during 9/11, but I’m clear that those years laid the foundation for the rest of my life and work since. As Jung wrote in his epilogue to The Red Book: “My entire life consisted in elaborating what had burst forth from the unconscious and flooded me like an enigmatic stream and threatened to break me.”

So it feels particularly poignant, I’m realizing, to explore The Red Book again right now. Our times are no less painful. Every day there is news that threatens to break any of us. But somehow, always, I find medicine in seeking “the redeeming effect” in it all.

xo, Satya

Satya Doyle Byock, Director of The Salome Institute of Jungian Studies

You Carry the Future: A Taste of the Bounty That is Jung's Red Book

“Protect the riddles, bear them in your heart, warm them, be pregnant with them. Thus you carry the future.”

-C.G. Jung, The Red Book


March 9, 2023

I was recently interviewed for the Joseph Campbell Foundation podcast and am excited to be able to share the episode with you. In this conversation on “The Podcast With a Thousand Faces,” John Bucher and I spoke about a wide range of topics, from human development and Quarterlife (of course) to masculinity and the Hero’s Journey beyond the gender binary, and much more. I hope you enjoy it!

Meanwhile, The Red Book course is coming up soon! I sent out the welcome email to all registered students last night, with the reading assignments for our eight weeks of study together and an invitation to share what brought each person to this course at this time. I wrote some about my own journey with Jung’s magnum opus for the newsletter last week, and I’m loving hearing about other people’s experiences with this work—from those who have never opened its covers, to those for whom it has already played a big, leading role.

The value of this book is hard to grasp or convey concisely, which is why I keep coming back to it again and again. Over some 400 pages, Jung travels via active imagination into the inner reaches of his psyche and encounters characters fit for a Hollywood blockbuster. There’s the blind maiden, the black snake, the wise old philosopher, the anchorite, the portly cook, the trapped and lonely daughter, the wandering souls, the hanged man, the dead girl, the giant with an ax, the red man, the alchemist magician, and more. Amidst all of the characters and stories, there are also countless (countless) nourishing and mystifying quotes that you want to hold in your mouth and let roll around on your tongue.

“My soul, where are you? Do you hear me? I speak. I call you—are you there? I have returned, I am here again. I have shaken the dust of all the lands from my feet, and I have come to you, I am with you. After long years of long wandering, I have come to you again.”

“The task is to give birth to the old in a new time.”

“As a man you are part of mankind, and therefore you have a share in the whole of mankind, as if you were the whole of mankind.”

“It is unclear how great one’s humility must be to take it upon oneself to live one’s own life… since nothing matches the torment of one’s own way.”

Those morsels are just a tiny taste of the bounty contained in this book, selected at random as I flipped through the pages. It’s a wild journey, The Red Book, and one that is likely to illuminate your life or change your life when you step in to explore—especially with this incredible community of curious, loving, wise folks from all over the world, and all walks of life.

xo, Satya

Satya Doyle Byock, Director of The Salome Institute of Jungian Studies

My Life with Jung's "Red Book"

My mother gifted me a copy of Jung’s Red Book in the winter of 2009, shortly after it was first published. I spent the following weeks on my bed crouched over the enormous volume, enthralled. (The original folio version is too big to comfortably read at a table.) Though it’s cryptic and novelesque, this massive book contains the foundation of Jung’s entire psychology, and I felt the magic of that as I began to pore over the sentences. This was where it all began. As Jung wrote, “Everything later was merely the outer classification, the scientific elaboration, the integration into life.”

Since those early days, The Red Book has been as precious to me as I anticipated it would be.

2010: A blurry photo of me at The Red Book museum exhibit opening in Zurich

Within months of that first encounter, I had the opportunity to join the small staff of The Philemon Foundation, which edited and published The Red Book. Within a year, I traveled with them to Zurich to assist in the opening of The Red Book exhibit at the Reitberg Museum. I spent an extraordinary week in Switzerland, with a private tour of Jung’s home and the chance to sit at his desk, along with many hours spent at dinners with the Jung family and the scholars surrounding his work.

Since that time, this wonderous, cryptic book has continued to enhance my life with its mystery and brilliance. I’ve written about it a great deal, named an institute after its main female character (Salome!), and led many reading groups on its stories. I’ve also delivered lectures on its meaning, co-created a podcast all about it, and quoted it at the opening of my own book, Quarterlife:

2023: My book Quarterlife and Jung’s Red Book both Staff Picks at Powell’s in downtown Portland, OR.

“What is to come will be created in you and from you. Hence look into yourself. Do not compare, do not measure. No other way is like yours. All other ways deceive and tempt you. You must fulfill the way that is in you.”

The Red Book is all about the mystery of individuation, of following your own singular journey through life. It is not, in my mind, a story just of midlife or of a man in midlife. It’s a human story, and a deeply courageous journey into madness, grief, and emptiness, and back out again, through the support of the feminine and the living psyche.

I’m excited to dive into its pages again soon with a new seminar in which we will read The Red Book together, along with the weaving-in of some of the (even more foundational) material from Jung’s original notebooks, The Black Books. This new eight-part seminar kicks off on March 17th! I’ll be sending out reading assignments and opening up the online seminar page soon. Of course, I would love to have you with us, if you’re not already registered.

xo, Satya

Satya Doyle Byock, Director of The Salome Institute of Jungian Studies

Disability, Mothering, and Dealing with the Projections of Others

Guest post by Jenny Montgomery

February 9, 2023

Guest post by Jenny Montgomery


My son Heath and I were eagerly browsing cheese at a local grocery store when a young man noticed him ambulating in his spiffy four-wheeled walker. The gentleman approached and asked Heath politely whether he could pray for him. 

“Sure!” he said. I could tell Heath wanted to see where this was leading. The earnest man put his hand on Heath’s head and asked God to help him overcome all his challenges. Heath caught my eye ironically. As we both know, his biggest challenge is dealing with others’ projections onto his body and his life. 

Heath giggled after saying goodbye to the kind yet inappropriate interventionist. He wasn’t laughing at the man’s religion, but at his obvious blunder in assuming he was in a terrible plight. Heath embraces his moderate physical disability (cerebral palsy) and cure is the least of his concerns. He may contend with the dragon of being different, but he has learned to live beautifully in its embrace. I tell this story not to mock the man personally—Heath accepted his offer, after all—but in order to highlight the prevalence of projection in the lives of disabled individuals and their families, as well as the complexities and paradoxes we encounter in the wild territory of disability.

As a caregiver, C.G. Jung’s concepts and topographies of psyche have been invaluable to me. Jungian analysis has helped me delve into the history of disability in my family, to grapple with the animus-driven medical model of disability we all internalize, and to examine my own inner limitations and constraints. Jung’s ideas (and those of James Hillman, Marion Woodman, Barbara Hannah, Murray Stein and others) have also provided frameworks I can discuss with my now-teenaged son as he grows toward a mature self-concept as a disabled individual.

Traveling in the caravan of disability culture has awakened me to Jung's view of the “vulnerable” nature of the human psyche. “It is frail, menaced by specific dangers, and easily injured,” he wrote in Man and His Symbols. Illusions about normality, wholeness, or the capacity to control our lives may not be ones we wish to examine. Yet limitation, fragmentation, and fate all stand resolutely in our shadows, so close we can feel their breath. Are they worth confronting? Can they add depth and treasure to our lives, if we are open to integrating them? In my experience, they are and they do. 

I look forward to sharing time with Satya, my friend Charlie Hall, and those of you who plan to participate in the upcoming Salome salon, “Disability as the Human Condition.” We will share stories, stretch our imaginations, listen deeply, laugh loudly, and consider Jung’s legacy in the light of disability—an experience that touches us all.

Guest post by Jenny Montgomery

Charles Hall On the Paradox of Disability, Jungian Psychology, and Other People's Projections

Guest post by Charles Hall

February 6, 2023

Guest post by Charles Hall - join us for “Disability as the Human Experience” on February 11, 2023

When I was five years old, I was in a hardware store with my Dad. He was holding me when a lady walked up and said, "You and your wife must have been horrible people for God to have punished you with a child like that.”

I'm never going to have hands, a face that looks normal or be able to speak as clearly as others. God knows I tried through countless operations, but at 62, the medical knowledge when I was growing up was nowhere near where it is today or where it will be 20 years from now.  

It took me 50 years to put the pieces of my life-puzzle together so that I felt good about myself in a nearly integrated way. I say “nearly” because I want more.

Speaking about the issue of disabilities is always an issue of dichotomies and paradoxes. Everything that I say about “disabilities” can, at some point, be contradicted because the issue is so large and complicated. And because so many disabilities are invisible or unseen by others. The "real disability" keeps us from being the person we were meant to be, no matter our circumstances. It comes back to our Individuation journey, a never-ending process. The physical might never go away, seen or unseen, but who we choose to be can transcend the physical to the spiritual. 

One simple aspect of being disabled that is so often overlooked is that we all have the same psychological issues or needs. As in so many Grimm’s Fairytales, every individual needs to have the opportunity to “go out” into the world and find their way to the best of their ability. This is individuation, a human truth no matter who you are. My definition of a disability is anything that keeps us from doing, or trying, or feeling good about ourselves.  I use the issue of disability as a metaphor because it matches my inner and outer “being.”

Satya asked a question in the community forum one day, “How did you get introduced to Jung?” But, for me, it’s the re-introduction to Jung that stands out. My inner life begins anew over and over; thus, at each metamorphosis, Jung takes on a new form, a deeper meaning.

I was in an extraordinary high school class in Dallas, TX, in the 70s called “Man and His Environment.” It was a three-hour-a-day class focused on the humanities. Our first year introduced us to anthropologists, psychologists, sociologists, or books like I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou and In True Blood by Truman Capote. I was in the class for two years. In the second year, my emphasis was on psychology. Each semester we had a major project in which we decided on the subject, formulated a hypothesis, and then defended it in front of the class. These four semester-long projects have defined my life. My first was On Death and Dying. I met the chaplain who introduced Elizabeth Kubler-Ross to her first dying patient; he is mentioned in the forward to her first book. My second was on Parenting the Disabled. The issue of disability is my passion. The third was entitled “How Art Enhances Education. And my fourth and final project was where I became totally immersed in Carl Jung was on Reconciling Science and Religion.

I was a Junior in High School with an incredible intellectual life but no inner life. I was living as a disabled individual proving to others all that I could do in the physical realm. This work was transformative for me. In college, I spent some time at The University of Dallas where I had professors like Robert Romanyshyn. The Dallas Institute for Humanities was beginning during this time as well, where people like Thomas Moore and Robert Sardello taught, and my mother was involved. At another University, my Episcopal Chaplain was very Jungian-oriented. He introduced me to my first Jungian analyst, who had studied with Robert Johnson and John Sanford out of San Diego. I was 24 at the time and worked with her for five years. During this time, I sobered up at 26 and found myself in the middle of Jungian Therapy, Family Systems, Adult Children of Alcoholics (working closely with John Bradshaw and others), AA, and the beginning inner work on the Archetypes influenced by Hillman.

From 1987 to 1990 since I had no job, I could read extensively about Jung. I was reading writings by Jung, June Singer, Jean Houston, Edward Edinger, Marion Woodman, Robert Johnson, John Sanford, and more. At 30, I decided to return to school, focusing on finance and accounting. I needed to prove to myself and others that I could survive in “the real world.”  Sadly, for the next 20 years, Jung and my inner work took a back seat. After leaving the corporate world, I began a company that hires approximately 20% of the workforce with some form of disability. My life has had many turning points. This last one was when I was integrating disabled individuals into the non-disabled world.  Somehow what I was doing in the outside world integrated itself into my inner world and life for the first time in my life. Today I have a life that I could only dream about for years. At 61, I am still totally sober and committed to Jung.

Guest post by Charles Hall - join us for “Disability as the Human Experience” on February 11, 2023

Reflections on my father, US Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, and the needed marriage between Psychology and Democracy

Guest Post by Mimi K. Stokes

Nicholas Katzenbach confronting George Wallace on steps

Deputy U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach confronting Governor George Wallace as he attempts to block integration at the University of Alabama. June 11, 1963. Photographer: Warren K. Leffler.

October 11, 2022

Guest Post by Mimi K. Stokes

My parents’ marriage was a marriage of Psychology and Democracy.

My late father was the former US Attorney General, Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, who confronted George Wallace at the University of Alabama and later got the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts through Congress. My mother was a Freudian psychoanalyst, painter, and poet. My father had deep respect for my mother’s psychological intelligence and creative giftedness, and her psychological perspective influenced his understanding of democracy.

Influenced by my mother, my father developed the view that people could have psychological issues that made them vote for someone they identified with, someone like them, in an unconscious act in which an individual votes to empower themselves.

What he believed was needed for a functioning democracy and free society was to vote for an Other who had qualities of character, knowledge, and experience, to sustain and evolve the US democratic project of a free and just society. He saw a vote driven by unconscious identification—and needs for power for oneself, whatever the source of those unconscious needs—as undermining Equality and Civil Rights. Racists voted for racists like them; white men voted for white men like them, further embedding structural, endemic racism and sexism in society. The unconscious citizen who makes an unconscious vote was, in his view, a danger to the democratic process.

What was needed was a civic psychology that could address the internal factors of unconscious voting.

My father saw a vital need for a form of civic psychology to overcome generations of the living experience of racism. He saw racism as being passed down in families, from one generation to the next, deeply embedded in the intimate realm of family, making healing the long US history of racism a complex ‘family matter.’

That racism could be healed and transcended, he believed possible. Or, at least, he believed that we had to believe it was possible, or else we could not declare ourselves authentically committed to the democratic project.

He believed that whites had a vital role to play in a healing transcendence of racism.  His thinking was that sustaining the Civil and Voting Rights acts depended on whites tirelessly and passionately advocating for the rights of Blacks to vote. By definition, racism gives whites more power and agency. Democracy, therefore, gives whites the moral, and ethical responsibility to use their agency to advocate for the rights of others, not only for oneself.  And so, again, we are at my father’s fundamental view that democracy is about Self and Other, not just Self.

If I had to give a name to my father’s ’psychologized’ democracy, it would be an Empathic Democracy. My father often lamented that the North had no idea of the living experience of the South; whites had no idea of the living experience of Blacks; men had no idea of the living experience of women because listening to each other’s lived experiences, with empathy, respect, and dignifying each other’s emotional experiences as citizens, was not a democratic US value. 

In a sense, my father saw the therapist as having a skill that citizens and leaders needed to transfer from therapy to democracy. US democracy needed the therapist’s skill of listening to the emotional experience of an Other with empathy, respect, and an attitude of amelioration and commitment to relieve the suffering of a citizen-Other. 

“Empathic Democracy” is not a phrase my father ever used. As I said, it is my name for the kind of democracy that my father and mother’s marriage of Psychology and Democracy awakened in him—or engendered in him, through the union of feminine and masculine, anima and animus, of a sacred, inner, marriage of psychology and democracy inside of him that mirrored his marriage with my mother.

Guest Post by Mimi K. Stokes

"Women, Life, Freedom!" Nazli Rahmanian on Mahsa Amini, the Feminine, and the Protests in Iran

Guest post by Nazli Rahmanian

October 4, 2022

Guest post by Nazli Rahmanian

There is much grief in my heart. In the last two weeks, I have started nearly every day in tears. After the senseless killing of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini at the hands of Iran’s “morality police,” brave young women across my country are taking to the streets, taking off and burning their hijab in defiance of the country’s oppressive laws, being beaten and shot at by brutal government forces. They are invoking Mahsa’s name and chanting “Woman, Life, Freedom!” Meanwhile, I am here in Portland, crying in between my meetings, in the shower, and at night. A reel of scenes of brutality in the streets along with memories of my own old wounds plays in my head. Women of my country have been fighting against these cruel and oppressive forces for as long as I remember. I have not suffered my sisters’ daily suffering for a long time.

I left Iran years ago, but I remember the anxiety and sense of injustice at being harassed and threatened continuously. I remember the first time I was stopped by the morality police as a 12-year-old and threatened by a black veiled woman: “Cover your hair girl! or I will take you to a place your parents will never find you.” I still feel the pain of losing several of my beloved family members to this brutal government. And now I am here, watching my people’s courage in the face of the same old brutality. It looks like an old story but I feel something new and different about it. The feminine has had enough and is emerging with incredible power. There is much grief, and I feel it is the kind of grief that could hug and nurture a seed of relatedness.  

I wrote something last week about the fear and hatred of women, of the feminine. It exists and it exists everywhere, not just in Iran. It is a disease that ravages our civilization and it will not go away until we accept, love, and live the feminine within ourselves. I feel that a part of living our own feminine nature, regardless of our gender, is to opt for living in relationship to the world rather than seeking domination over it. It is the absence of relationship that opens the door to the idea of ownership. Ownership of the bodies and destinies of living beings so that they serve as mere resources for the “chosen few’s” endless quest for dominance. This false story has created and normalized slavery: Slavery of women, of indigenous people of the land, of black people, of those whose sexual or gender identity is different than the predefined “norms,”; of migrants and refugees, and of the living, bleeding Earth herself. The part of us who deeply relates and knows of the Oneness of all Being cannot participate in such atrocities, because it hurts and it bleeds with the suffering of her sisters and brothers, human or more than human. Unless we include the feminine in the story, in slavery we shall remain.

There is much grief, and there is also courage and beauty. Iran’s recent uprising is a revolution led by women and girls and also mostly by quarterlifers. They are in the forefront, demanding back control of their lives, their bodies, and their choices. And right beside them are men. Men whose hearts hurt for their sisters, mothers, lovers. Men who choose love and relating to dominance. Men who are ready to offer their lives for the freedom of women. And many have.

I also have seen and heard so much beauty in the form of art, spoken words, and songs pouring out of people. One is a song called “Baraye” or “For,” written and sung by a young man, Shervin Hajipour. Each verse counts the reasons why people have taken to the streets, and the reason he sings:

“For my sister, for your sister, for all of our sisters, for the friends we have lost on the way, for the future, for the street children and their dreams, for the Sun rising after a very long night, for woman, for life, for freedom…”

Shervin is now paying with his freedom for speaking in beauty. He was detained and put in jail a few days ago.

There is so much grief, and there is also love and gratitude. I want to say “Thank You!” to the women who bravely demand what is theirs and what has been denied them for a long, long time. “I wish that I could be by your side. I love you!” I want to say “Thank You!” to the men who stand by their sisters’ side no matter what the cost. “I love you!” So much love in my heart, sitting next to grief and opening space.

Much has been lost in the last couple of centuries as this modern civilization has lived a divisive story of colonialism and capitalism. The myth of endless economic growth has brought so much destruction to our planet and all Her living inhabitants for the apparent gain of a few. The old story and its empty promises are falling apart. As I grieve the loss of so much that is beautiful and sacred, I hold in my heart a dream for a new civilization. One that is rooted in the story of relatedness. One that cannot be born without the inclusion of the feminine. One that is born from the sacred marriage of feminine and masculine. How sweet the day that women, men, rivers, and trees sing their true song. And the Earth too.

Woman, Life, Freedom!

Listen to Shervin Hajipour’s song here

Guest post by Nazli Rahmanian

Sex & Gender in Jung's Concept of Individuation - Part 1

September 29, 2022

After I wrote about biological age in Jung’s concept of individuation three weeks ago, I told you that I’d write “next week” about sex & gender in individuation. I’m late, but it could not feel more relevant to me today.

Last night, I joined an incredibly inspiring fundraising call for a winnable race in Montana (donate!) that would help to protect abortion access for Montana and the entire region. Surrounded by some very red states, Montana’s right to abortion is protected in the state constitution. But because Montana has taken a dark swing from solidly purple for decades to MAGA red recently, those abortion protections are in serious danger. (Donate! This is not a sexy national race, but it’s winnable and will save lives.)

Meanwhile, in entirely related news from Iran on the results of misogynistic fundamentalism: 22-year-old Mahsa Amini was murdered by the nation’s morality police because she was not wearing her hijab the way they wanted her to wear her hijab. In response, women-led protests have taken over the streets, day and night. Women are removing their legally required hijabs and facing harassment, imprisonment, physical attacks, and the threat of death as a result. They’re also changing the direction of their country and inspiring people all over the world. (I’m grateful to say that one of our Iranian community members is writing a piece about this for the newsletter that we’ll share soon.)

There are two core ways in which to understand and unpack these events in the States and Iran through Jung’s psychology.

First: without women’s rights and trans rights and LGBTQ rights, there is no right to individuation. As long as gender, gender expression, and reproductive rights are being policed, the fundamental right to live one’s own life is also being policed.

The field of psychoanalysis is familiar with what happens when a person’s parents seek to repress their self-expression and choices about their future. When it is an entire nation and the government that seeks to control choices on one’s basic self-expression or life choices, there is nowhere to go. When it is the state acting out this kind of repression, we have a mass-minded cult masquerading as religion or culture. Mass-mindedness is the opposite of a society filled with individuated people. Cults seek unconscious participation in a pre-defined direction, not evolution, transformation, or individuation.

The second way we can begin to unpack these events is this: as long as the fear of the feminine is legitimized as an “out there” issue and not owned as a projection from one’s own neglected and miserable feminine, the issue will never, ever go away.

This second point may be the most fundamental issue in all of Jung’s psychology.

When Jung encountered the disheveled, discarded, lonely, and terrifying (to him) image of Salome in his own unconscious, he initially reacted in horror: “I dread you, you beast.” But as we see throughout The Red Book, the inner work that Jung then pursued was, at its root, about acknowledging Salome and her female counterpoints as fully human. The inner images transformed as a result.

Jung’s inner work with the feminine was a linchpin—arguably the linchpin—of his journey of individuation, a lesson he went on to speak about far and wide.

I’ll quote here from the introduction to Erich Neumann’s book, The Fear of the Feminine, heavily influenced by Jung’s work:

“Understanding the Feminine is an urgent necessity not only in order to understand the single individual but also to heal the collective…if the patriarchally masculine world that has fallen ill, thanks to its extreme one-sidedness, is again to return to health.”

There was no question in Jung’s psychology that society was ill. He observed the violent, patriarchal mass-mindedness of WWI and WWII sweep across Europe. And there is no question that we are up against similar threats today.

Until these fundamentalist cults recognize that what they actually fear is the misery of their own souls, we’re stuck trying to survive their projections: their obsessions over women’s clothing, trans children playing soccer, and fetuses, with no regard for the human in which those fetuses reside.

In talking about sex & gender in Jung’s concept of individuation, there’s really another whole area left to explore. I’ll try to tackle that soon in an upcoming newsletter.

Individuation is also the topic of my upcoming seminar—which starts Friday! Together, we’ll explore our own journeys in family and society to individuate. I’ve drawn most of the assigned reading this time around from fairy tales to allow us to sink into the timeless pursuit of ourselves through symbolic thinking, storytelling, and self-exploration. I’d love to see you in there.

xo, Satya

Satya Doyle Byock, Director of The Salome Institute of Jungian Studies

Defining Individuation in Jung's Psychology

September 9, 2022

"Individuation" is one of the major buzzwords of Jungian psychology, but it doesn’t carry the same meaning as the common use of this term. For instance, a parent may speak about their child "individuating” to explain the process of their becoming their own person. In this context, individuation is used as a synonym for "differentiation” or “the differentiation of self,” a concept that is core to Murray Bowen’s work in Family Systems.

But in Jung’s exploration of this term, the meaning is quite different. Jung analogized individuation far more with the yogic path or the alchemical process than with interpersonal growth, and he tended to speak of it as possible only after midlife. Joseph Campbell elaborated on the journey of individuation through the Hero’s Journey monomyth.

An editor at Psychological Perspectives asked me to define individuation for my 2015 paper, The Inner World of the First Half of Life, in which I explored the possibility for this psychological work before the second half of life—an idea that is often antithetical to classical Jungian ideas and which is the topic of my book, Quarterlife. In that article, I wrote about individuation this way:

“No matter the age, the trust of an inner source, with the ego strength to parse and manifest its guidance, is the path of individuation.”

And like this:

“[The] loss of faith in social prescriptions, the inability to see the value in cultural expectations, may prematurely prompt the goal of individuation: to create a life that adheres to inner direction and inner laws, versus those imposed by the social collective.”

Individuation, while often tied to biological age in the literature, ultimately has nothing to do with biology. Individuation is about the development of consciousness and a working relationship between the conscious self and the unconscious. It’s work that requires a healthy, strong, and flexible ego, an asset that often comes with age—but not always.

I’ll write more about this next week and the roles that sex, gender, and heteronormativity play in Jung’s definitions of individuation. As always, I speak about these ideas with my 80/20 rule: in exploring Jung’s work with the discernment of a person in 2022, I tend to see 80% of the writing as transformative and even still ahead of its time and 20% that is, well, in need of revision.

I’ll also break all this down further in my upcoming seminar, The Timeless Search for Stability and Meaning which starts September 30th!

xo, Satya

Satya Doyle Byock, Director of The Salome Institute of Jungian Studies

What Abortion Means: Part 3

On Mothers’ Who are Grateful for the Abortions They Had

image of carol ferris and ursula k le guin both in black and white wearing black, looking similar

Carol Ferris and Ursula k. Le Guin (Ursula K. Le Guin image by Marian Wood Kolisch ©)

This is the third installment in a series on abortion and the implications of the seeming impending loss of federal abortion protections in America. Part 1 in this series can be found here; part 2 is here.

June 16, 2022

The much-beloved author Ursula K. Le Guin spoke poignantly about the abortion she had while in college. In a short lecture titled, “What it Was Like” in the collection, Words Are My Matter, Le Guin conveys the extreme undue burden that even a shared, consensual act can place on women. This is from 2012:

“My friends at NARAL asked me to tell you what it was like before Roe vs Wade. They asked me to tell you what it was like to be twenty and pregnant in 1950 and when you tell your boyfriend you’re pregnant, he tells you about a friend of his in the army whose girl told him she was pregnant, so he got all his buddies to come and say, ‘We all fucked her, so who knows who the father is?’ And he laughs at the good joke.”

Not only is a young woman terrified to be pregnant and abandoned by the boyfriend who got her into this situation, but she is also then painted with ease—like a timeless gag—to be a “slut,” “loose,” “without good morals,” a “whore.” How many times have scared, jilted, cowardly boys and men enacted this dangerous theater throughout history and never known the impact? How long must girls and women be caught somewhere between the hatred of the feminine and the perception of the feminine as a plaything, an “other” who must be in on the joke of her own debasement or be the silly girl with no sense of humor?

With the remarkable support of both of her parents, Le Guin was able to receive an abortion. White, highly educated, and economically privileged, her parents had the resources and networks to support their daughter. And they did.

Though not without difficulties and shame at the time, Le Guin never regretted her choice. In fact, as she shared in that lecture in 2012, she is pained to think of what she would have lost if she had not had the abortion.

“If I had dropped out of college, thrown away my education, depended on my parents through the pregnancy, birth, and infancy, till I could get some kind of work and gain some kind of independence for myself and the child, if I had done all that, which is what the anti-abortion people want me to have done, I would have borne a child for them, for the anti-abortion people, the authorities, the theorists, the fundamentalists; I would have borne a child for them, their child.

But I would not have borne my own first child, or second child, or third child. My children.

The life of that fetus would have prevented, would have aborted, three other fetuses, or children, or lives, or whatever you choose to call them: my children, the three I bore, the three wanted children, the three I had with my husband—whom, if I had not aborted the unwanted one, I would never have met and married.”

I had somehow never read this story from Le Guin, nor had I read her essay, “The Princess,” available in Dancing at the Edge of the World, in which Le Guin writes of her need for an abortion in the style of a fairy tale from the Dark Ages, to which, she urges, we must never return (a deeply poignant reflection).

It was Carol Ferris, our resident astrologer, my co-host in the Red Book salons and podcast, and a dear friend, who introduced me to this history of Le Guin’s when she shared with me her own story about life before Roe v. Wade.

Carol saw parallels between her journey as a college student and Le Guin’s, in particular in that the abortion she had then allowed her to become the mother that she is today. It’s a point that isn’t emphasized enough in the conversations about abortion or motherhood, yet it is one that many mothers share—whether their children know it or not.

This is Carol’s story, which she titled, simply and beautifully: “Abortion Then”

“The party was at the philosophy TA’s house, and it roared late, with people pairing off into the various bedrooms. I woke up with a hangover and a pregnancy. It was 1964, I was a sophomore in college, and the county health test confirmed the missed period. With no birth control to speak of and limited choices now—marriage not on the horizon, nor becoming an 18-year-old mother—I sought an abortion, then illegal. I wasn’t the only girl with little sex education or preparation in my generation or on that campus. The dorms and sororities harbored a rich underground of information about abortions. I phoned the number given to me.

The abortionist—fortunately for me—was the infamous Ruth Barnett, a retired RN in Portland who bribed the law and carried on (you can read her version of that story in her book, They Weep on my Doorstep). Rumor had it that she was the most expensive but the cleanest and the safest. My roommates and I hustled up $350 (no surprise that the philosophy TA made himself scarce when the hat was passed) and drove to Portland to meet at 1 pm at the corner of SW Salmon and Vista. It was there that I would be picked up in a black Lincoln Town Car; my friends would return in an hour to pick me up at the same spot.

Barnett herself drove us uphill to her home overlooking downtown Portland, a splendid view of the Willamette River and Mount Hood, and opened the door from the circular driveway into her laundry room. ‘There,’ she said, motioning to the washer and dryer, covered in padding overlaid with towels. ‘Take off your pants and lie down on your back.’ 

She fitted my feet into stirrups, swabbed my nether parts, injected me with a local anesthetic, and went out for a smoke while the shot took effect. With surgical instruments, she performed a simple dilation and curette into the wash tub abutting the dryer, cleaned me up, instructed me to get dressed again, gave me a drink of water, and waited to see if I would stand up or pass out. I stood up.

We drove back down the hill to meet my friends. On the drive south to the campus, I found myself in increasing pain, shock, and bewilderment, and in spite of my close friends, feeling incredibly isolated and horrified at my choices—at the very limited choices available, and the one I had made. 

In the spirit of live-and-learn, I went on in the next year to have a miscarriage; and then, when pregnant for a third time in two years, it was so clear that motherhood was my future and not a Junior year of college that I set off. Absent assistance from the father, but surrounded by the goodwill and support of a community of women, I gave birth to a very healthy baby boy, now 56 years old, whom I love dearly, and am loved in return.”

Carol returned to finish her BA when her son was three-years-old, despite extreme difficulty for a twenty-year-old mother, then rapidly disowned by her own mother for her choice to have a child. Carol later earned her MA as well.

These are the stories of the individual women who are forced to find alternate ways to receive abortion care when abortions are not protected by law and when, in fact, women are criminalized for their choices. They are stories of women who were able to receive illegal abortions, and who survived. We know that many, many throughout the world have not been so lucky, so supported, or so privileged.

Remarkably, this is where we seem to be headed again in America, to a time when women must, on their own, secretly and fearfully, find ways to terminate unwanted pregnancies and risk their lives.

Although four of the conservative justices on the Supreme Court were appointed by presidents who lost the popular vote, we may well be poised to see a future again without the protections of Roe v. Wade. All while the majority of Americans support reproductive rights.

For now, Roe v. Wade is still law. We must continue to believe in a world in which women are never questioned for their healthcare decisions, choices about their futures or bodies, and whose sexual lives are not viewed under a microscope for social intrigue, ridicule, or judgment. And we must take actions and make noise on behalf of that vision.

It must be said too, and emphasized, that we need not return to a time in which women were attempting various, dangerous methods to abort their own pregnancies. Today, we have the abortion pill, and the abortion pill is extremely safe and effective. While itself in danger of regulation, the abortion pill is a safe alternative for many pregnant people who need abortions and it’s an alternative about which everyone should be informed. Share this information. Even without Roe v. Wade, abortion access is possible without subjecting pregnant people to the trauma of unsafe abortions.

xo, Satya

Satya Doyle Byock, Director of The Salome Institute of Jungian Studies

Donate to support access to safe abortions for pregnant people. Help to guarantee protections for everyone, regardless of geography or income level.

What Abortion Means: Part 2

On the Reality of Illegal Abortions in a Post-Roe America

Gloria Steinem and Ann Carroll

This is the second installment in a series on abortion and the implications of the seeming impending loss of federal abortion protections in America. Part 1 in this series can be found here.

May 11, 2022

Despite having secured the freedom of choice in 1973 (right before women were guaranteed federal protections to bank free of gender discrimination), we appear on the brink of another era in America in which a woman’s body is not entirely her own. The implications of this are vast, with the undeniable element being that the number of women receiving unsafe abortions, or those attempting to self-induce an abortion through dangerous means, will skyrocket. While it must be said, repeated, and shared that abortion pills can now safely allow women to self-administer abortion, access to pills, healthcare services, and information is uneven and those most likely to suffer are low-income women, women of color, trans people, and pregnant people experiencing abuse.

Abortion restrictions do not stop abortions, they simply prohibit safe and legal abortions. Many of the women we know and love who came of age before Roe v. Wade (or who lived in countries with abortion restrictions) had illegal abortions. It is once again time for us to discuss this reality and openly acknowledge the fact that, in order for women to be as free as men to individuate and live their truest lives, they need total control over their own bodies and healthcare decisions—the kind of control over one’s life that any adult would expect to have in a free society. Women’s psychological well-being cannot be separated from her reproductive freedoms. Discussions of younger women’s psychological lives in America must once again center her rights—or lack thereof—to choose the life she wants.

I frequently find myself thinking about the dedication page of Gloria Steinem’s memoir, My Life on the Road.

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO:

Dr. John Sharpe of London, who in 1957, a decade before physicians in England could legally perform an abortion for any reason other than the health of the woman, took the considerable risk of referring for an abortion a twenty-two-year-old American on her way to India.

Knowing only that she had broken an engagement at home to seek an unknown fate, he said, “You must promise me two things. First, you will not tell anyone my name. Second, you will do what you want to do with your life.”

Dear Dr. Sharpe, I believe you, who knew the law was unjust, would not mind if I say this so long after your death:

I’ve done the best I could with my life.

This book is for you.

Another American woman in Europe, in her twenties, around the same time as Gloria Steinem, was also in need of an abortion. Ann Carroll, having just started the long process of a Ph.D. at the University of Munich, with only the rudiments of the German language, was not ready to be a mother.

Ann, in case you are not familiar with her story, went on to earn a Ph.D. in Philosophy, study James Joyce, create a pictorial translation of The Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra, create sculpture-filled gardens, and become the third member of our Red Book salons at The Salome Institute many decades following her abortion. In a couple of weeks, Ann will also teach a two-session seminar on key concepts of Taoism with us.

This is Ann’s story of her illegal abortion, which she has given me the following full, and eloquent permission to share. Please note for sensitive readers that some of what follows contains graphic descriptions of an illegal abortion.

“Please feel more than welcome to use my own experience of abortion. The voices that negate Roe v. Wade are the same voices that would silence women about speaking about abortion through the longstanding, unquestioned projection of shame—the shame surrounding our sexuality passed on down from generation to generation, absorbed in our mother’s milk.

I think what you are talking about by openly bringing abortion into the conversation is our no longer being willing to buy into Eve’s story. I think Eve’s supposed shame and responsibility for the vast powers and implications of ‘sexuality’ (the reproductive mystery of the ongoing creative energy of the Earth) is an enormous and central battleground in Western Civilization that has held us silent for 2,500 years.

Why in God’s name are we as women, metaphysically and physically, the ones to be existentially sentenced to shame? (Hester Prynne having to wear a scarlet “A” forever on her breast.) It really is a patriarchal outrage. Not only are we left with the fruit of the sexual encounter right there in our own bodies, not only are we the ones with the inevitable emotional and physical wounds of that immense decision to go through or not go through, but then that decision is not even in our own hands—and he (no shame on him) is free to go off in search of his own fate.

So, you ask about my abortion.

I think it must have been 1960, which was only 15 years after the end of WWII. The doctor I’d found brought me in and, without any anesthesia, tied a wire around the umbilical cord and sent me off to my student apartment to simply let the embryo die a slow, painful death. What followed for me was a night of unbelievable, excruciating pain. I was drowning in sweat and agony. At 5:00 AM, I returned to the office, where the doctor surgically severed and removed the embryo. I was screaming in pain and he forcefully told me to be quiet so I didn’t wake the neighbors. Being in Germany at the time, I couldn’t help wondering what his wartime affiliation had been. That experience, and the brutal handling of both my body and soul, would affect the entire course of my life.”

Ann went on to earn her Ph.D. in Philosophy while living in Germany. She later had two children, two stepchildren, and eight grandchildren.

Donate to support access to safe abortions for pregnant people. Even without the protections of Roe v. Wade, women and other pregnant people do not need to endure what Ann endured. Help to guarantee protections.

For more information on the implications of overturning Roe v. Wade and what to do about it, there is no one better than Jill Filipovic. Subscribe to her newsletter.

xo, Satya

Satya Doyle Byock, Director of The Salome Institute of Jungian Studies